Coffee is one of the world’s most popular beverages, with millions of people enjoying its stimulating effects and distinct flavour profile. However, its effects on health, notably blood pressure and hypertension, have been the subject of continuous research and discussion.
The purpose of this article is to shed light on the current scientific understanding of coffee’s effects on blood pressure and the consequences for people with hypertension.
The Science Behind Coffee and Blood Pressure
The relationship between coffee and blood pressure is multifaceted, influenced by factors such as caffeine content, individual tolerance, and the presence of other bioactive compounds. Studies have shown that caffeine can cause a temporary increase in blood pressure, typically lasting up to three hours post-consumption. This effect is often more pronounced in individuals who consume coffee infrequently compared to habitual consumers who have developed a tolerance to caffeine [1].
However, it’s important to note that coffee contains various antioxidants and beneficial compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, which may play a role in cardiovascular health and potentially counterbalance the blood-pressure-raising effects of caffeine. Some research even suggests that regular moderate coffee consumption could contribute to lower blood pressure or a decreased incidence of new-onset hypertension over time [2],[3]. These long-term findings highlight that moderation is key when considering coffee’s overall impact on hypertension.
How Caffeine Affects Blood Pressure
Coffee is commonly consumed; however, the effect on blood pressure varies by individual. This is how caffeine in coffee is understood to impact blood pressure:
- Coffee drinking can cause a short-term, acute elevation in blood pressure. Some older studies suggest that drinking 1.5–2 cups of coffee (approximately 200–300 mg of caffeine) can temporarily raise systolic blood pressure by an average of 8 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by an average of 6 mm Hg for up to three hours [4].
- Regular coffee drinkers may develop a tolerance to the blood pressure-raising effects of caffeine, reducing its impact over time [4].
- Coffee contains antioxidants and other bioactive compounds that may promote endothelial function and vascular health, which could help counterbalance the short-term blood pressure increase and potentially lower blood pressure in the long term [2].
Is Coffee Safe for People with Hypertension?
Current scientific consensus generally considers moderate coffee consumption safe for people with hypertension.
- Studies suggest that habitual coffee consumption is typically not associated with long-term increases in blood pressure or an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in hypertensive individuals [3],[5].
- Moderate coffee consumption (defined in some research as 3–5 cups per day) may even be associated with a reduced risk of heart disease due to the presence of antioxidants and other beneficial compounds in coffee [5],[6].
- However, individuals with severe, uncontrolled hypertension (e.g., blood pressure 160/100 mmHg or higher) should be cautious and limit their coffee intake to avoid potential adverse effects, particularly the acute, temporary rise in blood pressure [1]. A consultation with a Primary Care Physician is always recommended to determine a safe level of intake.
Factors That Influence Coffee’s Impact on Blood Pressure
Several factors influence how coffee affects blood pressure, including:
- Caffeine Sensitivity: Some people are more sensitive to caffeine, experiencing a larger, temporary blood pressure increase.
- Frequency of Consumption: Regular coffee drinkers may develop a tolerance to caffeine’s blood pressure-raising effects.
- Genetics: Genetic variations can affect how the body metabolises caffeine, influencing blood pressure responses.
- Age: Older adults may experience more significant acute increases in blood pressure from caffeine than younger individuals in some cases [4].
- Existing Hypertension: People with high blood pressure may be more susceptible to caffeine’s acute effects.
- Other Health Conditions: Conditions like heart disease can amplify caffeine’s impact on blood pressure.
Coffee’s Role in Long-Term Hypertension Management
- Research suggests that in individuals with mild to moderate hypertension, moderate coffee intake (3–5 cups/day) does not negatively impact long-term blood pressure or hypertension management for most people [3],[5].
- While caffeine temporarily raises blood pressure, long-term observational studies generally do not support a link between regular consumption and an increased risk of developing hypertension or cardiovascular disease [2],[3].
- Coffee contains antioxidants and beneficial compounds that may support overall heart health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation [6].
Tips for Enjoying Coffee While Managing Blood Pressure
Here are some strategies for maintaining blood pressure while enjoying coffee:
- Limit your coffee consumption to a moderate amount (e.g., 1–3 cups) if you are sensitive to caffeine or have severe hypertension, and observe how your body reacts.
- Maintain a balanced diet rich in whole foods, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and limit your sodium intake (such as following the DASH diet).
- Stay hydrated to help manage your blood pressure.
- Engage in regular physical activity to help manage your blood pressure.
- Incorporate stress-reducing activities like yoga or meditation into your routine.
- Stay within the recommended upper limit of 400 mg of caffeine per day from all sources for healthy adults, as excessive intake can have adverse effects beyond blood pressure [7].
When to See a Doctor
If coffee consistently raises your blood pressure or causes symptoms like dizziness, palpitations, or headaches, it’s important to consult a doctor. This is especially true if you have hypertension and notice frequent spikes after drinking coffee. Additionally, if you experience unusual reactions to caffeine, such as extreme sensitivity or prolonged effects on blood pressure, seeking personalised medical advice is recommended. Your physician can help you determine if coffee is contributing to blood pressure fluctuations and advise on an appropriate intake level based on your unique health profile.
Conclusion
The effects of coffee on blood pressure vary based on the individual and the amount consumed. While excessive or occasional coffee drinking can temporarily raise blood pressure, many studies suggest moderate, regular consumption is generally safe for those with controlled hypertension and may even offer long-term benefits, such as potentially reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke [5],[6]. However, those with severe or uncontrolled hypertension should be cautious and limit their intake. Achieving optimal blood pressure relies on a holistic approach, where balancing coffee with a healthy lifestyle can support overall health. If concerned, consult a doctor for personalised advice.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Can I drink coffee if I have high blood pressure?
Yes, for most individuals with controlled high blood pressure, moderate coffee consumption is generally safe. However, those with severe hypertension should be cautious and consult their doctor.
How long can coffee raise blood pressure?
Coffee can raise blood pressure for up to three hours after consumption, but the effect is temporary and usually subsides after that period [4].
Does quitting coffee lower blood pressure?
Quitting coffee may acutely lower blood pressure in individuals who are highly sensitive to caffeine or those who consume very high amounts. However, regular consumption leads to caffeine tolerance, and for the majority of regular consumers, quitting coffee does not necessarily result in a significant long-term reduction in blood pressure [4].
What drinks increase blood pressure?
Drinks high in caffeine, such as excessive coffee consumption or some energy drinks, can increase blood pressure temporarily. It’s important to note that sodas and other beverages high in sugar and sodium may also have negative impacts on long-term blood pressure.
How much will coffee raise blood pressure?
Older studies have noted that coffee can increase systolic blood pressure by about 8 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by about 6 mm Hg for a short period following consumption of 200-300 mg of caffeine [4]. This effect is highly variable and diminished in habitual drinkers.
Can coffee help with low blood pressure?
While caffeine can temporarily raise blood pressure, it is not a recommended treatment for hypotension (low blood pressure). Its effects are more relevant to those with normal or high blood pressure, and it should not replace appropriate medical management for low blood pressure.
References
[1] People with very high blood pressure may want to go easy on the coffee. (2022, December 21). American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/news/2022/12/21/people-with-very-high-blood-pressure-may-want-to-go-easy-on-the-coffee
[2] Grosso, G., Micek, A., Godos, J., Pajak, A., Sciacca, S., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Galvano, F., & Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A. (2017). Long-Term Coffee Consumption Is Associated with Decreased Incidence of New-Onset Hypertension: A Dose–Response Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 9(8), 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080890
[3] Miranda, A. C., Goulart, A. C., Benseñor, I. M., Lotufo, P. A., & Marchioni, D. M. B. (2020). Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: A prospective analysis in the cohort study. Clinical Nutrition, 40(2), 543–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.052
[4] Geleijnse, M. (2008). Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: An epidemiological perspective. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 4(5), 963–970. https://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.s3055
[5] Ding, M., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Satija, P., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2014). Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation, 129(6), 643–659. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005925
[6] O’Keefe, J. H., Bhatti, S. K., Waqar, M. I., Qasim, Z., Linville, T. M., Saeed, I. M., Lavie, C. J., & O’Keefe, E. L. (2013). Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular risk factors, and all-cause mortality. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 62(12), 1043–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.035
[7] Heckman, M. A., Weil, J., & Mejia, E. G. D. (2010). Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) in Foods: A Comprehensive Review on Consumption, Functionality, Safety, and Regulatory Matters. Journal of Food Science, 75(3), R77–R87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01561.x