Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is commonly used as a natural remedy, with some studies suggesting it may support weight management [1]. This fermented apple juice has been recognised for its potential to support modest weight reduction and fat loss when incorporated into a comprehensive healthy diet and lifestyle [2]. The active component in ACV, primarily acetic acid, is believed to influence metabolism and appetite, making it a noteworthy supplementary aid for those seeking to manage their weight. It is essential to understand that ACV should be used as a complement to a balanced diet and regular physical activity, rather than a standalone or primary solution [2], [3].
Evidence-Based Benefits of Apple Cider Vinegar for Weight Management
The potential of apple cider vinegar for weight loss may be attributed to its ability to influence appetite, blood sugar regulation, and fat metabolism [1]. When combined with a healthy lifestyle, these effects can contribute to better weight management. Here are some of the specific ways in which ACV may aid in weight management:
1. May Help Reduce Appetite and Increase Satiety
One of the ways ACV may support weight loss is by potentially reducing appetite and increasing feelings of fullness, which can lead to a decrease in overall calorie intake [4]. The acetic acid in ACV is theorized to slow the rate at which food leaves the stomach, promoting a longer-lasting sense of satiety.
A systematic review found evidence suggesting that vinegar consumption before meals could help decrease hunger levels, thereby potentially reducing the amount of food consumed [4]. However, it’s important to note that individual results may vary, and ACV should not be considered a replacement for a balanced diet. When used in conjunction with caloric control and healthy eating habits, the appetite-suppressing effects of ACV can be a valuable tool in weight loss efforts.
2. Potential Role in Blood Sugar Regulation
Apple cider vinegar (ACV) may help regulate blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and slowing down the emptying of the stomach, which can prevent sudden spikes in glucose after meals [5, 6]. Studies have shown that consuming ACV before meals can lead to lower blood glucose levels [5], especially in people with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes [6], [7]. While ACV should not replace diabetes medications, a dose-response meta-analysis indicates that consuming vinegar can lead to a significant, yet modest, reduction in fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes over time [5]. The acetic acid in ACV is believed to inhibit enzymes that digest carbohydrates, thus reducing glucose absorption [5].
3. Influence on Fat Metabolism and Storage
The acetic acid in ACV may influence fat metabolism by activating an enzyme called AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), an enzyme involved in regulating energy balance, which can suppress fat synthesis and enhance fat oxidation [8]. Although direct evidence linking ACV to significant, independent belly fat reduction is limited, some human studies have associated its consumption with small, yet measurable, modest weight loss and reduced waist circumference, possibly due to improved metabolic health [3]. ACV might also promote feelings of fullness, indirectly reducing calorie intake. It’s important to note that ACV should be consumed in moderation and always diluted to avoid potential side effects.
4. Limited Evidence for Digestive Support
The acetic acid found in ACV may theoretically aid in protein breakdown and nutrient absorption by stimulating stomach acid production, although this effect is not robustly proven in humans [9]. Improved gut health from the small amounts of probiotics found in unpasteurised ACV (the “mother”) could help support a balanced gut microbiome, but ACV is not a reliable or primary source of probiotics [10]. Furthermore, while the antimicrobial properties of ACV exist, evidence for its specific effect on preventing harmful bacterial overgrowth in the human gut is primarily from in vitro studies and requires further research [10].
How to Incorporate Apple Cider Vinegar for Weight Loss
To effectively use ACV for weight loss, consider the following tips, always prioritizing safety and dilution:
Dosage and Timing
- Consume 1–2 tablespoons (15–30 mL) of ACV daily, diluted in water [1], [3]. It is best to split this into 2–3 doses to avoid potential digestive discomfort.
- Drink diluted ACV before meals (ideally 20–30 minutes prior) as this is when the effects on satiety and blood sugar regulation are most studied [4], [5].
- Use ACV consistently for at least 8–12 weeks for measurable results, as human studies have shown gradual weight and body fat reduction over this period [3].
- Opt for raw, unfiltered ACV containing the “mother” (probiotic-rich sediment), which is minimally processed and contains the most beneficial components [10].
Safe Consumption Method
When drinking ACV for weight loss, keep the following points in mind:
- To protect tooth enamel and reduce throat irritation, always dilute 1–2 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar (ACV) in at least 8–12 ounces of water [11].
- If you’re new to ACV, start with 1 teaspoon (5 ml) diluted in water and gradually increase to no more than 2 tablespoons daily.
- Never consume ACV undiluted, as its high acidity (pH ≈ 2.5–3.0) can significantly damage your tooth enamel and oesophageal tissue [11].
Precautions and Side Effects of Apple Cider Vinegar
Apple cider vinegar (ACV) can help with weight loss, but it’s crucial to use it carefully. Here are the precautions and potential side effects to be aware of:
- Digestive discomfort: The high acidity of ACV may cause stomach upset, nausea, or heartburn in some people. Diluting it with water is essential to help reduce these effects.
- Tooth damage (Dental Erosion): Drinking ACV regularly without adequate dilution poses a significant risk for erosive tooth wear due to its high acidity [11]. Rinse your mouth with plain water immediately after drinking it, or consider using a straw to minimize contact with teeth.
- Medication interactions: ACV may interact with certain medications, such as insulin or other diabetes medicines (potentiating hypoglycemia risk), or potentially diuretics (risk of lowering potassium levels further). Consult your doctor or pharmacist before incorporating ACV into your diet if you take any medications or have pre-existing health conditions.
- Osteoporosis Risk: Prolonged, high consumption of ACV has been anecdotally linked to reduced potassium and bone mineral density; therefore, moderation is key [10].
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Due to limited and inconclusive research on the safety of ACV during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it’s best to avoid its use and consult with your doctor.
- Allergic reactions: In rare cases, some people may have an allergic reaction to ACV.
Apple cider vinegar shows promise as a supplementary natural aid for weight loss, with studies indicating its potential to modestly suppress appetite and influence metabolism[1], [3]. However, it’s crucial to use ACV safely, consistently, and be mindful of possible side effects. For the best and safest results, always consult with your doctor or a Registered Dietitian before starting any new weight loss regimen, particularly if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking medications. By using ACV responsibly and in conjunction with a balanced, calorie-controlled diet and regular exercise, you may find it to be a valuable addition to your weight loss journey.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical or nutritional advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional, such as a doctor or Registered Dietitian, before starting or changing any treatment, diet, or supplement regimen.
Frequently Asked Questions
How does apple cider vinegar help with weight loss?
Apple cider vinegar may help with weight loss by modestly increasing fullness, contributing to better blood sugar control, and potentially influencing fat metabolism, primarily due to its acetic acid content [1], [3], [5]
What is the best way to consume apple cider vinegar for weight loss?
The best way is to dilute 1–2 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar in at least 8 ounces of water and drink it before meals to help control hunger and aid in blood sugar management [4].
Is apple cider vinegar safe for weight loss?
While generally safe when properly diluted, apple cider vinegar may cause stomach discomfort, damage tooth enamel, or interact with certain medications. It should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional if you have underlying conditions [10], [11].
Can apple cider vinegar reduce belly fat?
Apple cider vinegar may contribute modestly to the reduction of overall weight and waist circumference by supporting metabolism and appetite control [3]; however, it is not a standalone solution and requires a balanced diet and exercise to achieve meaningful results.
Are there any side effects of drinking apple cider vinegar for weight loss?
Potential side effects include digestive discomfort (e.g., nausea, heartburn), lowered potassium levels, and severe erosion of tooth enamel if undiluted vinegar is consumed regularly [10], [11].
References
[1] Castagna, A., Ferro, Y., Noto, F. R., Bruno, R., Aragao Guimaraes, A., Pujia, C., Mazza, E., Maurotti, S., Montalcini, T., & Pujia, A. (2025). Effect of apple cider vinegar intake on body composition in humans with type 2 diabetes and/or overweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients, 17(18), 3000. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17183000
[2] Abou-Khalil, R., Andary, J., & El-Hayek, E. (2024). Apple cider vinegar for weight management in Lebanese adolescents and young adults with overweight and obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, 7(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000823
[3] Jafarirad, S., Elahi, M.-R., Mansoori, A., Khanzadeh, A., & Haghighizadeh, M.-H. (2023). The improvement effect of apple cider vinegar as a functional food on anthropometric indices, blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare, 4, 1288786. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1288786
[4] Hasan, F. O., Hamilton, K. P., Angadi, S. S., & Kranz, S. (2022). Effects of vinegar/acetic acid intake on appetite measures and energy consumption: Systematic review. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, 7(3), e000205. https://doi.org/10.1249/tjx.0000000000000205
[5] Arjmandfard, D., Behzadi, M., Sohrabi, Z., & Mohammadi Sartang, M. (2025). Effects of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12, 1528383. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1528383
[6] McDonald, E. (n.d.). Debunking the health benefits of apple cider vinegar. Uchicagomedicine.Org; UChicago Medicine. Retrieved October 25, 2025, from https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/health-and-wellness-articles/debunking-the-health-benefits-of-apple-cider-vinegar
[7] American Heart Association. (2024, September 11). What can apple cider vinegar really do for your health? Www.Heart.Org. Retrieved October 25, 2025, from https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/09/11/what-can-apple-cider-vinegar-really-do-for-your-health
[8] Johnston, C. S., & Gaas, C. A. (2006). Vinegar: Medicinal Uses and Antiglycemic Effect. Medscape General Medicine, 8(2), 61. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1785201/
[9] Medical News Today. (2023, November 7). What is apple cider vinegar, and is it a digestive aid? Retrieved October 25, 2025, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/apple-cider-vinegar-as-a-digestive-aid
[10] Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (2023, June 29). Apple Cider Vinegar. Retrieved October 25, 2025, from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/apple-cider-vinegar/
[11] Anderson, S., Gonzalez, L. A., Jasbi, P., & Johnston, C. S. (2021). Evidence that daily vinegar ingestion may contribute to erosive tooth wear in adults. Journal of Medicinal Food, 24(8), 894–896. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2020.0108