Those who spend a lot of time outside in the winter often notice concerns about getting dry skin. Clinically referred to as xerosis, dry skin is characterized by an integument that has a dry, rough, or scaly appearance and can be accompanied by symptoms like reddening, cracking, or itching in some cases [1]. Dry, chapped skin can be exacerbated by anything that reduces the amount of water in the stratum corneum (the skin’s outermost layer), such as exposure to cold temperatures, low humidity, and wind [2]. This condition is commonly known as winter dry skin or winter xerosis.
The effective management of dry skin requires the repair of the epidermal water barrier. Treatment strategies focus on rehydrating the skin and preventing further transepidermal water loss. This can be performed by applying moisturizing substances directly onto the skin in a topical fashion. To minimize stripping the skin of its natural oils, it is generally recommended to use lukewarm water for bathing, avoid excessive bathing duration, and use gentle, non-soap cleansers instead of harsh soaps or detergents [3]. Addressing controllable environmental factors, such as adding humidity to indoor air, is also beneficial.
Essential Tips for Healthy Winter Skin
1. Opt for Lukewarm Water
Hot showers may be tempting during winter, but avoiding them is better. Hot water can strip the skin of its natural oils (sebum) more quickly than cooler temperatures, leading to increased dryness and irritation [4]. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests that cooler water is effective for cleanliness and may cause less itching [5].
2. Choose the Right Moisturizer for Optimal Hydration
Winter is a season of low ambient humidity, and the air both inside and outside the home tends to dry the skin. Occlusive moisturizers, such as thicker creams and ointments (as opposed to lighter lotions), are more effective at creating a physical barrier to lock water into your skin [4]. For best results, these moisturizers should be applied immediately after bathing while the skin is still damp to trap surface moisture [1]. Do remember to consistently care for vulnerable areas like the hands, feet, and lips. Ingredients like hyaluronic acid, glycerin, and ceramides can specifically help keep your skin supple by binding water or restoring the skin barrier [6].
3. Maintain Internal and External Hydration
Due to dry air, the skin tends to lose moisture quickly. It’s essential to maintain systemic hydration. Drinking sufficient fluids supports overall physiological function, which includes skin health [7]. Avoid excessive consumption of alcohol as it is a diuretic and may lead to dehydration [7]. Additionally, installing a humidifier in main living areas can restore moisture to the air, which has been shown to alleviate skin dryness and rash [8].
4. Adjust Exfoliation Based on Skin Needs
Exfoliation is the process of removing dead skin cells. However, over-exfoliation in winter can compromise the skin’s protective barrier, potentially leading to increased dryness, sensitivity, and damage [9].
For Dry or Sensitive Skin: Gentle, infrequent exfoliation (e.g., once every 10–14 days) may be considered, but only if the skin is not currently inflamed or irritated.
For Combination or Oily Skin: Exfoliation once a week can help boost skin regeneration and product absorption, but it should be temporarily suspended if the skin shows signs of barrier damage.
5. Utilizing Natural Oils for Barrier Support
Certain natural oils can function as effective emollients and occlusives, aiding the skin barrier.
Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO): VCO has been scientifically researched for its benefits in topical applications, particularly for its emollient properties that help moisturize the skin and soothe symptoms of dryness [10]. It works by coating the skin with a protective lipid barrier, helping to prevent moisture loss.
Almond Oil: Historically used to soothe dry skin, almond oil is rich in fatty acids and can help to alleviate itching and discomfort, making it a common complementary topical aid for dry skin conditions [11].
6. Consistent Night-Time Skincare
Following a consistent night-time skincare routine is an excellent way to revitalize dry skin, as the skin performs repair and regeneration processes overnight. Using emollients or occlusive moisturizers (which are heavier creams or ointments) at night is highly effective. These heavier products take longer to absorb and provide sustained moisturization, making them ideal for a protective overnight treatment [1].
7. Essential Sun Protection (Even in Winter)
The notion that sunscreen is unnecessary in winter is a common misconception. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is present year-round, and UV-B rays, which cause sunburn, may be less intense, but UV-A rays, which penetrate deeply and contribute to photoaging and skin cancer risk, remain a significant threat [12].
The American Cancer Society affirms that UV rays cause skin cancer, sunburn, and premature aging of the skin (such as wrinkles, leathery skin, and liver spots) [12]. Before going outside, apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 30 or higher to all exposed areas, following your morning moisturizer application.
8. The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle
A comprehensive winter skincare routine should be followed in conjunction with a nutritious and seasonal diet. Consuming foods rich in antioxidants and essential fatty acids, such as omega-3s, helps to protect the skin from oxidative stress and maintain the integrity of cell membranes [13].
Nutrient-Dense Foods: Seasonal fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of antioxidants and vitamins. Berries (strawberries, blueberries, raspberries) and dark leafy greens are particularly rich sources that support skin health.
Exercise and Skin Health: Regular physical activity increases blood flow to the skin, which aids in delivering nutrients and oxygen and may contribute to improved skin barrier function and hydration [14].
Conclusion
Maintaining healthy, hydrated skin during winter requires both external care and internal balance. Cold air, low humidity, and harsh winds strip the skin of its natural moisture, leading to dryness, irritation, and flaking. A consistent and protective skincare routine is essential, encompassing gentle, non-stripping cleansing, the use of rich, occlusive moisturization, and year-round broad-spectrum sun protection. Supporting the skin barrier by hydrating from within, consuming antioxidant-rich foods, and carefully managing exfoliation further protect the skin. Natural agents like virgin coconut oil and almond oil can be used as effective adjuncts. With this evidence-based combination of care and prevention, you can preserve your skin’s smoothness, softness, and glow throughout the harshest months.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why does skin become dry in winter?
Dry skin in winter is caused by low ambient humidity, cold air, and the use of indoor heating, all of which increase transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stripping moisture from the skin’s protective barrier.
Can hot showers worsen dry skin in winter?
Yes, hot water can remove essential natural oils from your skin, leading to increased dryness, irritation, and potential damage to the skin barrier.
Are natural oils good for winter skincare?
Yes, natural oils like virgin coconut oil and almond oil can function as effective occlusives and emollients, helping to lock in moisture and soothe dry, itchy skin during cold weather, especially when applied after bathing.
Is sunscreen needed in winter?
Yes, sunscreen is needed year-round. UV-A rays, which cause photoaging, penetrate clouds and windows even in winter, necessitating the daily application of a broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher.
How often should I moisturize in winter?
Moisturize at least twice daily—ideally immediately after bathing (to seal in water) and again before bed—to help prevent dryness and maintain skin hydration.
References
[1] Gade, A., Matin, T., & Rubenstein, R. (2023). Xeroderma. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565884/
[2] Loden, M. (2012). Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 13(2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.2165/11597080-000000000-00000
[3] Verallo-Rowell, V. M., Cataluna, P. C., & Sanchez, M. G. R. (2020). Cleansing and the skin barrier. International Journal of Dermatology, 59(Suppl 1), e1–e6. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14925
[4] Kim, Y. H., Kim, K. M., & Park, M. Y. (2021). Effects of water temperature on skin barrier function: A systematic review. Skin Research and Technology, 27(5), 780–787. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13038
[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, April 17). Handwashing facts. Clean Hands. https://www.cdc.gov/clean-hands/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
[6] Purnamawati, S., Indrastuti, N., Norawati, E., & Saefudin, T. (2017). The role of moisturizers in addressing various skin conditions. Clinical Medicine & Research, 15(3–4), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2017.1350
[7] Palma, L., Marques, L. T., Bujan, J., & Rodrigues, L. M. (2015). Dietary water intake and skin hydration in healthy humans. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 413–421. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S86827
[8] Draelos, Z. D., & Thaman, L. A. (Eds.). (2010). Cosmetics and dermatoses: From face to foot. Springer.
[9] Kresge, L. D., & Abler, J. L. (2017). Exfoliation: A review of the science and clinical practice. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12267
[10] Evangelista, M. T. P., Abad-Casintahan, F., & Lopez, K. D. (2014). The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD score, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(1), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12192
[11] Ahmad, Z. (2010). The uses and properties of almond oil. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 16(1), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.06.015
[12] American Cancer Society. (2024). Sun safety and sun screen. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/sun-and-uv-exposure/be-safe-in-sun.html
[13] Katta, R., & Desai, S. P. (2014). Diet and dermatology: The role of dietary intervention in skin disease. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 7(7), 46–55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4106357/
[14] Suzuki, M., & Nakashima, A. (2020). Exercise-induced skin barrier function improvement in healthy individuals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082841
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