Papaya ( Carica papaya ), a tropical fruit native to Mexico and northern South America, is well-known for its delicious and nutritious fruit. However, many people are unaware that certain parts of the papaya plant, including the leaves and seeds, have been used in traditional medicine for a variety of purposes [1]. Preliminary scientific research is increasingly investigating the unique compounds found in papaya leaves and seeds for their potential to support human health [2], [3]. These parts have been traditionally used to help manage various ailments, including dengue fever, digestive issues, and inflammatory conditions [1], [4]. Let us explore the nutritional facts and evidence-backed potential health benefits of papaya leaves and seeds.
Nutritional Facts of Papaya Leaves and Seeds
Papaya leaves and seeds are packed with valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds that contribute to their potential health benefits. Here is a table summarising the key nutritional components:
|
Component |
Key Bioactive Compounds |
Potential Function |
| Papaya Leaves | Papain, Chymopapain, Alkaloids, Flavonoids | Enzymes for protein breakdown; antioxidant effects; anti-inflammatory effects. |
| Papaya Seeds | Isothiocyanates, Oleic Acid, Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids | Potential antiparasitic activity; antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. |
Note: The precise nutritional content, including specific amounts of vitamins and minerals, can vary significantly depending on the ripeness, preparation, and growing conditions of the plant [2].
Health Benefits of Papaya Leaves and Seeds
Papaya leaves and seeds offer a range of potential health benefits due to their unique nutritional and medicinal properties. The most extensively studied benefit of papaya leaves is their investigated role in supporting recovery from dengue fever by potentially helping to increase blood platelet levels [6]. Additionally, they may help manage blood sugar levels in animal models [7] and support digestive function [5]. Similarly, papaya seeds may exhibit antiparasitic effects against certain intestinal parasites and possess anti-inflammatory properties [2].
Here are some ways in which papaya leaves and seeds have been studied.
1. Dengue Fever Recovery Support
Papaya leaves have shown the most clinical promise in supporting symptoms associated with dengue fever, a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes. Several human clinical studies, particularly in South Asia, have found that papaya leaf extract can help increase blood platelet levels in dengue patients [6], [8]. This is crucial as low platelet counts can lead to severe bleeding and other complications. The exact mechanism is still being studied, but it is thought that compounds in the leaf extract may protect the bone marrow from damage [6]. It is important to note that this treatment should only be used under strict medical supervision and is complementary to standard care [8].
2. Investigated Use for Malarial Infection Support
While some traditional uses exist for Carica papaya in managing malaria symptoms, there is currently limited and inconsistent substantial scientific evidence to support the claim that the leaves or seeds specifically prevent or treat the malaria infection itself [9]. Some in vitro (test tube) studies have shown anti-malarial activity, but clinical evidence from human trials is generally lacking [10]. More robust clinical research is needed to determine if papaya leaves or seeds have any confirmed role in preventing or treating malaria.
3. Aids Digestion
Papaya leaves and seeds contain compounds that aid in digestion. The leaves are rich in proteolytic enzymes, primarily papain and chymopapain, which break down large proteins into smaller, more easily digestible peptides and amino acids [5]. This property is a major reason they are used to alleviate digestive symptoms, including gas, bloating, and heartburn. Additionally, the seeds have been traditionally used to combat certain intestinal parasites due to compounds like benzyl isothiocyanate [2], further supporting their traditional role in maintaining digestive health.
4. Antioxidant and Investigated Anti-cancer Support
Papaya seed extract has shown preliminary anticancer properties in several preclinical and in vitro (cell-culture) studies [2]. The bioactive compounds in papaya seeds have been found to inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells and exhibit anti-proliferative effects in laboratory settings [11]. While these findings are promising as a basis for future drug development, they cannot be extrapolated to humans. Rigorous clinical research is needed to confirm the efficacy of papaya leaf and seed extracts in preventing or treating cancer in humans [11]. The potential benefits are often attributed to the high concentration of antioxidants like flavonoids and phenolic compounds [3].
5. Supports Immunity
Papaya leaves and seeds are rich in antioxidants and other nutrients that can help boost the immune system [3]. The leaves contain vitamins and other phytochemicals that have been studied for their potential immunomodulatory effects, which theoretically could help the body fight off bacterial and viral infections [1]. Additionally, the high vitamin C content in papaya fruit, and to a lesser degree in the leaves, supports general immune function and overall health [2].
6. Helps in Diabetes (Animal Model Studies)
Papaya leaves have been used in traditional medicine to help manage blood sugar control. Preclinical studies in mice have shown that papaya leaf extract has potent antioxidant and blood-sugar-lowering effects by potentially protecting insulin-producing cells in the pancreas [7]. However, high-quality, large-scale human studies are lacking, and this evidence should not be used as a basis for diabetes treatment in humans [7]. More research is needed to confirm its efficacy in managing high blood sugar levels in humans.
7. Role in Weight Loss (Indirect Support)
While papaya fruit is known for its nutritional benefits, including being low in calories and high in fibre, the specific impact of papaya leaves and seeds on weight loss has not been extensively studied or documented [12]. However, the overall nutritional profile of papaya, including its enzymes that aid digestion and high fibre content, may contribute to a healthy diet and lifestyle, which can indirectly support weight management goals [12].
8. Eases Menstrual Pain (Traditional Use)
The anti-inflammatory properties of papaya leaves, which include compounds like papain and flavonoids, may help decrease general inflammatory conditions [5]. Traditional use suggests that a papaya leaf decoction may help provide some relief for menstrual cramps, but scientific clinical evidence specifically confirming this effect is scarce [1].
9. Good for Heart Health (Antioxidant Effects)
Papaya leaves, although not directly studied in large human trials for their effects on heart health, contain antioxidants and other phytochemicals that are generally beneficial for cardiovascular health [3]. The antioxidants in papaya leaves can help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, which are known risk factors in heart disease [3]. Additionally, the fibre and vitamin content of the fruit and plant parts support healthy cholesterol levels and blood vessel function [12].
10. Great for Skin (Enzymatic and Anti-inflammatory Action)
Papaya leaves have been traditionally used to treat various skin conditions, such as wounds, rashes, and ulcers [1]. The leaves contain enzymes such as papain and chymopapain, which possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties that can aid in promoting wound healing and reducing skin inflammation [5]. Additionally, the high content of antioxidants in papaya leaves can help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress [3]. These properties suggest potential benefits for topical use, but should be used with caution as concentrated extracts may cause irritation [13].
Papaya leaves and seeds offer a wide range of potential health benefits that make them valuable additions to a holistic approach to health and wellness. From potentially boosting the immune system and helping fight off infections to supporting digestive health and exhibiting liver-protective effects, these natural remedies have been used for centuries in traditional medicine [1]. However, it is crucial to understand that many of the health claims are based on traditional use or preliminary in vitro and animal studies, and are not yet confirmed by large-scale human clinical trials. It is strongly recommended to follow prescribed limits and consult with a healthcare professional, especially if you have a pre-existing medical condition or are on medication, before adding them to your diet. Incorporating papaya leaves and seeds into your health regimen can be a natural and effective way to complement overall well-being.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What are papaya leaves good for?
Papaya leaves are primarily known for their potential to help increase blood platelet counts in dengue fever, aiding digestive function due to the enzyme papain, and for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties identified in preliminary studies [6], [5].
Can we drink papaya leaf water every day?
Daily consumption of high doses of papaya leaf water is not recommended without medical supervision due to potential side effects and a lack of long-term safety data, despite its therapeutic uses [13]. Moderation is key, and a doctor’s advice is paramount.
How can papaya leaves be used to increase platelet count?
To use papaya leaves for increasing platelet levels, especially in cases of dengue fever, a standardised extract is often prepared by boiling the leaves in water or using a commercial capsule/tablet. Human studies have shown that specific doses of the extract can lead to a significant increase in platelets when administered under medical supervision [6], [8].
Can I drink boiled papaya leaves?
Yes, you can drink boiled papaya leaves, but it is advisable to do so in small amounts and in moderation and under medical supervision due to potential side effects, such as nausea and vomiting [13].
Do papaya leaves have side effects?
Yes, papaya leaf extract can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and dizziness when taken orally in high doses [13]. The concentrated latex from unripe papaya can also cause oesophageal damage and significant skin irritation in some individuals [13].
Can papaya leaves increase haemoglobin levels?
Traditional beliefs and some limited in vivo (animal) studies suggest papaya leaves may help elevate haemoglobin, red and white blood cell counts, and support blood clotting [1]. However, more rigorous human studies are needed to confirm these specific effects for routine clinical application.
How do you prepare papaya leaf tea?
To prepare papaya leaf tea, boil fresh or dried papaya leaves in water for about 10-15 minutes, then strain and drink. It is essential to start with a very small quantity to check for any adverse reactions. The dosage can vary, but typically a few leaves per litre of water is used.
References
[1] Méndez-Lagunas, L. L., Ramírez-Mares, M. V., Rodríguez-Ramírez, J., & Martínez-Téllez, M. Á. (2023). Carica papaya as a source of bioactive compounds for sustainable functional food development: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 138, 136–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.02.002
[2] Nasar-Abbas, S. M., Al-Garni, S. M., Al-Ghamdi, H. A., & Al-Amri, S. M. (2022). Papaya (Carica papaya L.): Nutritional and pharmacological aspects. Journal of Functional Foods, 95, 105139. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9203216/
[3] Caruso, G., Contartese, G., Riciputi, Y., Brischetto, V., Pardo, M., & Melilli, A. (2022). Antioxidant compounds and their antioxidant mechanism: A comparative study of Carica papaya and other fruits. Diversity, 14(8), 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080683
[4] Yogiraj, V., Goyal, P. K., Chauhan, C. S., Goyal, R. K., & Vyas, B. (2013). Carica papaya Linn: An overview. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 1(1), 7–15. https://www.plantsjournal.com/vol1Issue1/Issue_jan_2013/2.pdf
[5] Patil, S., & Gaikwad, D. (2017). Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of Carica papaya: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(1), 129–132. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2017/vol6issue1/PartF/5-6-25-896.pdf
[6] Ahmad, N., Fazal, H., Ayaz, M., Abbasi, A. R., Malik, M. A., & Shafi, S. (2015). Dengue fever treatment with papaya leaves: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 20(2), 114–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587214555811
[7] Roy, J. R., Janaki, C. S., Jayaraman, S., Periyasamy, V., Balaji, T., Vijayamalathi, M., & Veeraraghavan, V. P. (2022). Carica papaya reduces muscle insulin resistance via IR/GLUT4 mediated signaling mechanisms in high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Antioxidants, 11(10), 2081. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102081
[8] Subenthiran, S., Choon, T. C., Cheong, K. C., Thayan, R., Teck, M. B., & Muniandy, S. (2013). Carica papaya leaves juice significantly accelerates the increase in platelet count among patients with dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 616737. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/616737
[9] Deshpande, M., Parihar, P. S., Brahma, S., Shirole, A., Vahikar, E., & Agarwal, H. (2021). Benefits of papaya fruit and its leaves to treat malaria or dengue and various other uses for human health. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 3460-3467. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352550156_Benefits_of_Papaya_Fruit_and_its_leaves_to_Treat_Malaria_or_Dengue_and_Various_Other_Uses_for_Human_Health_Meesha_Deshpande_Guide
[10] Runyoro, D., Mzumbwe, F., & Van Der Plas, M. (2021). In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts from leaves of Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, 5521404. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5521404
[11] Imaga, N. O. A., Gbenle, G. O., Okochi, V. I., Akanbi, O. M., Sofidiya, M. O., & Edeoga, H. O. (2010). Carica papaya leaf extract: Effects on some haematological and biochemical parameters of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected rats. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2202/1553-3840.1384
[12] Moreira-Araújo, R. S. R., Brito, L. M., Serejo, L. C. L., Lima, M. E., Rocha, L. K. R. M., & Rangel, A. M. (2020). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of papaya fruit. Food Science and Technology, 40(Suppl 2), 583–588. https://www.scielo.br/j/cta/a/rBVYJSLKrM4BVRSDWk5CTvj/?format=pdf&lang=en
[13] Osman, A. A., & Al-Habori, M. (2018). Safety of medicinal plants. In V. H. V. K. T. A. T. B. K. A. V. D. V. K. A. F. V. H. V. K. T. A. T. B. K. A. V. D. V. K. A. F. (Ed.), Toxicological studies of medicinal plants (pp. 53-125). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78767